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    <p>Sorry I don't have time to properly engage with this.  <br>
    </p>
    <p>I just wanted to say that, at a DMRS level, the problem is just
      about making sure that the compositionality rules can give you the
      right readings without over-constraining.  What the DMRS
      post-slash constraints give you is information about the scopal
      relationships - you can interpret /= with events, as we usually do
      in ERS, but you can also interpret it with no events at all, as in
      non-Davidsonian accounts.  <br>
    </p>
    <p>so:<br>
    </p>
    <p>not ---------&gt; talk &lt;----------- for-three-hours <br>
    </p>
    <p>     ARG1/H             ARG1/=</p>
    <p>just guarantees that `talk' and `for three hours' are under the
      scope of `not' and you could interpret the = in different ways
      depending on whether or not you're using events.  In this view<br>
    </p>
    <p>for-three-hours ---------&gt; not  ----------------&gt; talk<br>
    </p>
    <p>                           ARG1/=                ARG1/H</p>
    <p>is a perfectly good DMRS as long as one isn't using an
      event-based representation to show what the = means, because that
      forces one into having `not events'.<br>
    </p>
    <p>Conventional notation is not very helpful here, because it forces
      one to write something that looks like there's a scopal
      relationship if one doesn't use events, but that's actually a
      notational issue, not a genuine semantic one.  For instance, I can
      perfectly well express what the two alternatives mean with a
      temporal logic without events.  <br>
    </p>
    <p>Anyway, this is just a brief indication of what the situation is
      from my own current perspective.  I can try and help work things
      out from an event-based point of view, but I can't say my heart is
      in it!</p>
    <p>All best,</p>
    <p>Ann<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 19/05/2017 21:16, Guy Emerson wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CADPj3xGfQ=_q26hnZAtgk-T555cgJ3dsZeF9LnoOZ030C+Htqw@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">So with the modals and attitude, we're saying that
        there's a state, which bears some relation to the embedded
        event, and both the state and embedded event can be modified.<br>
        <div><br>
          I think this kind of situation can also happen with habituals,
          without introducing an extra predicate:<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>"I didn't used to brush my teeth for long enough, but for
          the past year, I've been brushing for two minutes"<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>In terms of the denotation, we have many brushing events
          lasting two minutes, and a habitual state lasting a year.  A
          more minimal example:<br>
          <br>
          "Kim brushed for two minutes for a year"<br>
          <br>
          Some word orders seem weird (but maybe okay with the right
          intonation):<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>?"Kim brushed for a year for two minutes"<br>
        </div>
        <div>"For a year, Kim brushed for two minutes"<br>
        </div>
        <div>?"For two minutes, Kim brushed for a year"<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>So if want to introduce an extra event variable for modals,
          it seems to me that we might want do the same for habituals,
          too, even though they can be unmarked in English.<br>
          <br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>For (2a) and (2b), I think we can capture the difference
          without necessarily referring to the neg "event", by using
          label sharing to control whether the adverbial scopes above or
          below negation (my "option 2" below).  So for (2b), the claim
          would be that fronted adverbials have to take high scope, i.e.
          share a label with the LTOP rather than the INDEX.  In MRS,
          this would be immediate, since the INDEX's label is no longer
          available.  In DMRS, it would have to be a syntactic
          constraint (you know, maybe this reading is fine in Turkish).<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>In this analysis, the negation has to act on an expression
          with a free variable (the event), rather than a proposition,
          so that the event is still available for the adverbial when it
          takes high scope.  Negation is still easy to define, but
          rather than inverting truth values, it's inverting
          truth-conditional functions.  (In type-theoretic terms, it's
          of the form &lt;&lt;e,t&gt;,&lt;e,t&gt;&gt;.)<br>
          <br>
          That is, rather than not(speak(e)), we have not(speak)(e), so
          that we can write not(speak)(e)&amp;for-a-long-time(e), which
          would contrast with the other reading
          not(speak&amp;for-a-long-time)(e).  But then I don't think it
          really matters whether "not" or "speak" is introducing this
          "e".  If we say that "not" is introducing an event, it's
          effectively just wrapping the event from "speak", anyway.<br>
        </div>
        <div><br>
          If we're happy to do that, then we could perhaps extend this
          approach to modals - can(close) takes a truth-conditional
          function that's true of closing events, and returns a
          truth-conditional function that's true of able-to-close
          states.  The embedded verb's event never gets quantified,
          which is perhaps reasonable - "Kim can close the window" can
          be true even if Kim never closes the window.<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>This would make negation and modals look formally very
          similar, even though the modal states look very different from
          the embedded verb events.<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        <div>So maybe these events aren't so problematic after all?  And
          I'm sure there's a literature on this that I should read.<br>
        </div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
        <div class="gmail_quote">2017-05-19 1:45 GMT-07:00 Ann Copestake
          <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a moz-do-not-send="true"
              href="mailto:aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank">aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>:<br>
          <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
            .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
            <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
              <p>my intuition is that events (eventualities) with modals
                make some sense in an object language: <br>
              </p>
              <p>Kim can close the window.</p>
              <p>can(e,k,close(e',k,w))<br>
              </p>
              e refers to the state of Kim having the ability, much as
              in<br>
              <br>
              Kim believes Sandy slept.<br>
              <br>
              believe(e,k,sleep(e',s))<br>
              <br>
              we can talk about the state of Kim having the belief.<br>
              <br>
              Kim could close the window for an hour.<br>
              <br>
              has a reading where it's Kim's ability that lasts for an
              hour (e.g., follow up with "and then was too weak") - that
              seems OK in terms of eventuality modification.<br>
              <br>
              Originally event semantics didn't include states and
              people argued both ways, and off the top of my head, I
              can't remember who ...  Still, states make a certain
              amount of sense in terms of a collection of properties or
              potentialities associated with a spatio-temporal location,
              in a way that the not "event" and the probably "event"
              don't.  I think one might find discussion of why not
              events don't make sense in some of the situation semantics
              literature.<br>
              <br>
              Decomposed events have been proposed in a number of
              contexts where the adverbial seems to refer to a
              preparatory state or whatever.  Higginbotham and various
              Generative Lexicon people (Pustejovsky et al), for
              instance.  e.g.,<br>
              <br>
              (13) Mary came in an hour for an hour.<br>
              <br>
              from a paper that talks about the event decomposition idea
              (which I just found with an extremely cursory search, so
              don't take it as a proper citation)
              <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                class="m_-8837310576754914894moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/research/linguistics/publications/wpl/96papers/evans"
                target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/<wbr>research/linguistics/<wbr>publications/wpl/96papers/<wbr>evans</a><br>
              <br>
              So the idea that one can say that there's a preparatory
              state of not talking in:<span class=""><br>
                <br>
                (2a) Kim didn't speak for a long time. <br>
                 <br>
              </span> is perhaps sort of plausible.  i.e., one could
              claim that the single event allows an underspecification
              of the two readings.<br>
              But then <br>
              <span class=""> <br>
                <div>(2b) For a long time, Kim didn't speak. ;;; Kim was
                  silent for a long time</div>
                <div><br>
                </div>
              </span> is problematic in that it only has the one
              reading.  One could stipulate that, of course, but it's
              not pretty.<br>
              <br>
              Maybe I'm wrong to be so worried and someone has seriously
              proposed not events.  Ask Alex? What one's looking for (in
              terms of the object language) is a literature where the
              denotation is discussed - not simply an argument from
              ambiguity / readings.  <br>
              <br>
              Cheers,<br>
              <br>
              Ann
              <div>
                <div class="h5"><br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  <div class="m_-8837310576754914894moz-cite-prefix">On
                    19/05/2017 04:17, Emily M. Bender wrote:<br>
                  </div>
                  <blockquote type="cite">
                    <div dir="ltr">Right---I'm trying to understand why
                      it is that we give different representations
                      <div>for not v. other modal operators wrt which
                        event variable is exposed, with the</div>
                      <div>longer range goal of getting to tests that
                        could in principle be applied in other languages</div>
                      <div>too, so we could find out if the
                        representation we pick for sentential negation</div>
                      <div>works across languages.  </div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>Collecting the data that has come up so far
                        in this thread:</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>(1a) <span style="font-size:12.8px">We could
                          unexpectedly close the window. ;;;
                           could(unexpectedly(close)) /
                          unexpectedly(could(close))</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px">(1b) </span><span
                          style="font-size:12.8px">We did not
                          unexpectedly close the window. ;;;
                          not(unexpectedly(close))</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px">(1c) </span><span
                          style="font-size:12.8px">Unexpectedly we did
                          not close the window. ;;;
                          unexpectedly(not(close))</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br>
                        </span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px">[Aside: The
                          reason I was asking about extraction is that
                          we do have a construction that</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px">allows an
                          adverb to attach low in the semantics but
                          appear at the left edge of the clause.</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px">That would
                          predict not(unexpectedly(close)) for (1c),
                          which I think isn't available.]</span></div>
                      <div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br>
                        </span></div>
                      <div>(2a) Kim didn't speak for a long time. ;;;
                        Kim spoke for only a short time / Kim was silent
                        for a long time<br>
                      </div>
                      <div>(2b) For a long time, Kim didn't speak. ;;;
                        Kim was silent for a long time</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>If (1a) is really ambiguous, is that meant to
                        be an argument that 'could' has its</div>
                      <div>own event that can be modified?  Why is it
                        less problematic for a modal operator like</div>
                      <div>'could' to introduce an event (in terms of
                        the underlying semantics) than something</div>
                      <div>like 'probably' or 'not'?  Do the readings of
                        (1b) and (1c) correspond to the two readings of
                        (1a)?  </div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>Just now it seems to me that the two readings
                        of (1a) and the pair (1b)/(1c) aren't really</div>
                      <div>relevant to the question of which INDEX is
                        propagated, because in any case the ARG1 of</div>
                      <div>unexpectedly or not is handle-valued.  But,
                        we'd consider 'for a long time' to be a
                        non-scopal </div>
                      <div>modifier in (2), right?   So what do we want
                        'for' to take as its ARG in (2b)/the second</div>
                      <div>reading of (2a)?</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>Emily</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <span style="font-size:12.8px"></span></div>
                    <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                      <div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, May 18, 2017 at
                        6:55 PM, Guy Emerson <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a
                            moz-do-not-send="true"
                            href="mailto:gete2@cam.ac.uk"
                            target="_blank">gete2@cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>
                        wrote:<br>
                        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0
                          0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                          solid;padding-left:1ex">
                          <div dir="ltr">I think Emily's goal was to
                            figure out what representation we should
                            use, and whether we need to have different
                            representations cross-linguistically. 
                            (Emily, is that a fair summary?)  I can see
                            that a negated event could be problematic,
                            but I was going off the ERG semantics, where
                            neg_rel has two arguments, so it looks like
                            we do have not(e,P).  In DMRS, we can avoid
                            saying whether there is an event, but it's
                            there in the MRS.<br>
                            <br>
                            <br>
                          </div>
                          <div class="m_-8837310576754914894HOEnZb">
                            <div class="m_-8837310576754914894h5">
                              <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                <div class="gmail_quote">2017-05-18 8:01
                                  GMT-07:00 Ann Copestake <span
                                    dir="ltr">&lt;<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="mailto:aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk"
                                      target="_blank">aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>:<br>
                                  <blockquote class="gmail_quote"
                                    style="margin:0 0 0
                                    .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                                    solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                    <div text="#000000"
                                      bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                                      <p>I do think it's really
                                        important to be clear what the
                                        goals are.  Are you trying to
                                        figure out what the
                                        representation should be in
                                        terms of the underlying
                                        semantics?  Because then talking
                                        about negation events could well
                                        be problematic.  There are moves
                                        one can make which might work -
                                        e.g., situations in Barwise and
                                        Perry terms (but then that
                                        doesn't necessarily fit with
                                        other things we're doing) - but
                                        one can't simply write e.g.,
                                        not(e,P) and assume it's
                                        meaningful.  I mean, maybe you
                                        want e to refer to the period of
                                        time when not(P) holds.  But I
                                        guess you can see that this is
                                        not something that is obviously
                                        OK.<br>
                                      </p>
                                      <p>Alternatively, you're
                                        essentially leaving the object
                                        language up to someone else and
                                        trying to come up with a
                                        representation which captures
                                        the right things about the
                                        syntax/semantics interface.  But
                                        I still think you have to know
                                        something about plausible target
                                        object languages.  <br>
                                      </p>
                                      <p>All best,</p>
                                      <p>Ann<br>
                                      </p>
                                      <div>
                                        <div
                                          class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790h5">
                                          <br>
                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240moz-cite-prefix">On
                                            17/05/17 21:14, Guy Emerson
                                            wrote:<br>
                                          </div>
                                          <blockquote type="cite">
                                            <div dir="ltr">
                                              <div>To bring this back to
                                                Emily's question, I can
                                                think of two ways that
                                                we might represent the
                                                "silent for a long time"
                                                reading:<br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              Option 1. "for a long
                                              time" takes the neg_rel's
                                              variable as an argument. 
                                              This could be constructed
                                              compositionally using the
                                              negation-as-a-modal
                                              analysis that Emily
                                              mentioned.  This would
                                              then allow neg_rel to have
                                              a consistent semantics in
                                              the Grammar Matrix.<br>
                                              <br>
                                              On the downside, if we
                                              push the INDEX up to the
                                              neg_rel, we can't get hold
                                              of _speak_v_rel any more -
                                              which we need if we're
                                              going to model adverbs
                                              attaching after negation
                                              but scoping underneath
                                              negation.  With DMRS
                                              composition, we can
                                              construct it
                                              compositionally even if we
                                              stick with the scopal
                                              modifier approach (so the
                                              INDEX is still "speak"),
                                              and then connect an ARG/EQ
                                              link to the LTOP.  This
                                              would, however, mean
                                              relaxing the constraints
                                              in the proposed DMRS
                                              algebra, since we have an
                                              /EQ link selecting the
                                              LTOP, not the INDEX.<br>
                                              <br>
                                              <div>Option 2. "for a long
                                                time" shares a label
                                                with the neg_rel, but
                                                still takes _speak_v_rel
                                                as an argument.  So then
                                                "for a long time" is
                                                outside the scope of
                                                negation.  To construct
                                                this compositionally, we
                                                want _speak_v_rel to be
                                                the INDEX (for both MRS
                                                and DMRS composition).<br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>If we take this
                                                approach, then we can
                                                treat modals as scopal
                                                modifiers and still get
                                                two readings.  So this
                                                doesn't directly answer
                                                Emily's question,
                                                because now there are
                                                two different ways of
                                                getting two readings. 
                                                But it would at least
                                                suggest that we can
                                                treat modals as scopal
                                                modifiers, which would
                                                allow a more consistent
                                                semantics of negation in
                                                the Grammar Matrix.<br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div><br>
                                                <br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>That's the main thing
                                                I wanted to say - but
                                                Re: Robin Hood:<br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div><br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>I've found Ivan Sag's
                                                discussion of the
                                                jailing Robin Hood
                                                examples (<a
                                                  moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/2798317/Adjunct_scope" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/2798<wbr>317/Adjunct_scope</a>),
                                                apparently discussed by
                                                Dowty (1979).  I can see
                                                the relevance, in that
                                                "for three years" could
                                                refer to the time in
                                                jail, or the time spent
                                                putting him in jail. 
                                                But I'm not convinced by
                                                the argument that we
                                                should decompose this as
                                                a causative - otherwise,
                                                the verb "sentence" also
                                                seems like it could be
                                                decomposed into
                                                something like
                                                cause(be-in-jail), but
                                                it doesn't pattern like
                                                "jail":<br>
                                                <br>
                                                The Sheriff of
                                                Nottingham jailed Robin
                                                Hood for three years.<br>
                                                *The Sheriff of
                                                Nottingham jailed Robin
                                                Hood to three years.<br>
                                                The Sheriff of
                                                Nottingham sentenced
                                                Robin Hood for three
                                                years. (repeated jailing
                                                reading)<br>
                                                The Sheriff of
                                                Nottingham sentenced
                                                Robin Hood to three
                                                years. (single jailing
                                                reading)<br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>In any case, we can
                                                get different readings
                                                for verbs without an
                                                obvious lexical
                                                decomposition:<br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>I ate meat for a year
                                                (but then became
                                                vegetarian)<br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>I ate meat for an
                                                hour (and then I was
                                                very full)<br>
                                                <br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>Bouma&amp;Malouf&amp;Sag
                                                also discuss "open
                                                again", but similarly,
                                                "Kim bought X and sold
                                                it again" has a reading
                                                where this is the first
                                                time Kim sold it.  And
                                                explicitly representing
                                                that reading by
                                                decomposing "sell" would
                                                require something like
                                                cause(be-sold).  This
                                                seems dubious to me. 
                                                I'm much more tempted to
                                                say that "again" has a
                                                fuzzier meaning than
                                                Dowty assumes.<br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div><br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>I couldn't find any
                                                examples which convinced
                                                me that there's an
                                                interaction with the
                                                morphosyntax, so I feel
                                                like this is all
                                                something that we can
                                                safely leave out of the
                                                MRS.<br>
                                              </div>
                                              <div><br>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                              <div class="gmail_quote">2017-05-17
                                                3:57 GMT-07:00 Ann
                                                Copestake <span
                                                  dir="ltr">&lt;<a
                                                    moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank">aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>:<br>
                                                <blockquote
                                                  class="gmail_quote"
                                                  style="margin:0 0 0
                                                  .8ex;border-left:1px
                                                  #ccc
                                                  solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                                  <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
                                                    text="#000000">
                                                    <p>I get those
                                                      readings but note:<br>
                                                    </p>
                                                    <p>3. For a long
                                                      time, Kim didn't
                                                      speak.<br>
                                                    </p>
                                                    only has your
                                                    reading 2.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    so although I'd want
                                                    to try and give an
                                                    underspecified
                                                    semantics for your
                                                    sentence, one would
                                                    have to do that in a
                                                    way that recognised
                                                    this has a different
                                                    semantics.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    for negation there's
                                                    an extensive
                                                    literature - I'd
                                                    recommend Horn's
                                                    book.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    For some of these
                                                    type of examples,
                                                    I've played around
                                                    with an account that
                                                    decomposes the event
                                                    variable so that one
                                                    might claim that the
                                                    negation was
                                                    operating over
                                                    different parts of a
                                                    complex event
                                                    structure in
                                                    standard MRS.  But
                                                    that only allows for
                                                    3 in a very
                                                    stipulative way, if
                                                    it works at all. 
                                                    Negated events are
                                                    complicated.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Incidentally, Ivan
                                                    Sag (somewhere) had
                                                    a discussion of
                                                    examples like:<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                      The Sheriff of
                                                    Nottingham jailed
                                                    Robin Hood for three
                                                    years.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    which may be
                                                    relevant - I
                                                    honestly can't
                                                    remember.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Anyway - I was
                                                    trying to answer a
                                                    slightly different
                                                    type of question,
                                                    which was what the
                                                    semantics of
                                                    unexpected_rel might
                                                    be.  I was just
                                                    trying to convey the
                                                    modal flavour - not
                                                    talking about the
                                                    different readings
                                                    the English sentence
                                                    might have.  It may
                                                    be that with some
                                                    sort of account that
                                                    did the negation
                                                    examples, one could
                                                    also get a
                                                    non-scopal
                                                    `unexpectedly' to
                                                    give two
                                                    structurally
                                                    different readings,
                                                    but that's a
                                                    somewhat different
                                                    issue.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    All best,<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Ann
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240h5"><br>
                                                        <br>
                                                        <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417moz-cite-prefix">On
                                                          17/05/17
                                                          02:08, Guy
                                                          Emerson wrote:<br>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <blockquote
                                                          type="cite">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>So, if
                                                          I've
                                                          understood
                                                          correctly:<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          - using a
                                                          scopal
                                                          modifier for
                                                          negation only
                                                          leaves one
                                                          variable for
                                                          non-scopal
                                                          modifiers<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          - using a
                                                          modal for
                                                          negation would
                                                          allow
                                                          non-scopal
                                                          modifiers to
                                                          take either
                                                          the main
                                                          verb's
                                                          variable, or
                                                          the modal's
                                                          variable<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          But then, what
                                                          about "Kim
                                                          didn't speak
                                                          for a long
                                                          time", which I
                                                          think can have
                                                          two readings:<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          1. Kim spoke
                                                          for only a
                                                          short time<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>2. Kim
                                                          was silent for
                                                          a long time<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>It looks
                                                          like the ERG
                                                          just gets the
                                                          first reading.<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">2017-05-11
                                                          13:55
                                                          GMT-07:00 Ann
                                                          Copestake <span
                                                          dir="ltr">&lt;<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank">aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>:<br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div
                                                          bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
                                                          text="#000000">
                                                          <p>I think <i>unexpectedly</i>
                                                          is scopal in
                                                          at least some
circumstances.  Specifically I would say the semantics of <i>unexpectedly</i>
                                                          is modal (in a
                                                          broad sense) -
                                                          e.g., I could
                                                          treat it in
                                                          terms of
                                                          possible
                                                          worlds that
                                                          I'm
                                                          considering at
                                                          some timepoint
                                                          t - if in only
                                                          1% of possible
                                                          worlds does P
                                                          happen, and P
                                                          actually
                                                          happens by t'
                                                          (where t' &gt;
                                                          t) then
                                                          unexpected(P). 
                                                          This is very
                                                          crude and
                                                          incomplete,
                                                          but all I'm
                                                          trying to do
                                                          here is convey
                                                          the modal
                                                          intuition.<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p> Under this
interpretation:<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p> 
                                                          unexpected(not(win(Kim)))
                                                          <br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>means that
                                                          at time t I
                                                          thought
                                                          not(win(Kim))
                                                          had 1% chance,
                                                          but at t'
                                                          not(win(Kim))
                                                          has come to
                                                          pass</p>
                                                          <p>this isn't
                                                          the same as:<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p> 
                                                          not(unexpected(win(Kim)))<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          which means
                                                          it-is-not-the-case
                                                          that [ at time
                                                          t I thought
                                                          win(Kim) had
                                                          1% chance and
                                                          at t' win(Kim)
                                                          has come to
                                                          pass ]  i.e.,
                                                          either I
                                                          expected Kim
                                                          to win all
                                                          along or Kim
                                                          actually
                                                          didn't win<span><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          type="cite">Also,
                                                          in (3),
                                                          unexpectedly
                                                          could be a
                                                          sentence-initial
                                                          discourse
                                                          <div>adverb
                                                          (scopal?) or
                                                          an adverb
                                                          extracted from
                                                          lower in the
                                                          clause...</div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          <br>
                                                          </span> As I
                                                          remember it,
                                                          the discussion
                                                          about possible
                                                          sentence
                                                          situation
                                                          meaning is a
                                                          semantic one
                                                          rather than
                                                          depending on
                                                          whether
                                                          there's
                                                          extraction or
                                                          not.  <br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          All best,<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          Ann
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823h5"><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823m_-1602240225619716942moz-cite-prefix">On
                                                          11/05/2017
                                                          21:13, Emily
                                                          M. Bender
                                                          wrote:<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          type="cite">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Thanks,
                                                          Ann, for the
                                                          quick reply! 
                                                          This connects
                                                          to other
                                                          things I've
                                                          been
                                                          <div>curious
                                                          about
                                                          recently,
                                                          including how
                                                          we decide if
                                                          something like
                                                          "unexpectedly"</div>
                                                          <div>is scopal
                                                          or not. Also,
                                                          in (3),
                                                          unexpectedly
                                                          could be a
                                                          sentence-initial
                                                          discourse</div>
                                                          <div>adverb
                                                          (scopal?) or
                                                          an adverb
                                                          extracted from
                                                          lower in the
                                                          clause...</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>Emily</div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">On
                                                          Wed, May 10,
                                                          2017 at 2:11
                                                          AM, Ann
                                                          Copestake <span
                                                          dir="ltr">&lt;<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank">aac10@cl.cam.ac.uk</a>&gt;</span>
                                                          wrote:<br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div
                                                          bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
                                                          text="#000000">
                                                          <p>I think the
                                                          idea is to
                                                          represent the
                                                          contrast
                                                          between:<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>1   We
                                                          could
                                                          unexpectedly
                                                          close the
                                                          window.</p>
                                                          <p>either
                                                          ability to
                                                          close or
                                                          actual closure
                                                          is unexpected<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>2   We did
                                                          not
                                                          unexpectedly
                                                          close the
                                                          window.</p>
                                                          <p>only the
                                                          closure (if it
                                                          had happened)
                                                          would be
                                                          unexpected.</p>
                                                          <p>I don't
                                                          think this is
                                                          actually the
                                                          best
                                                          analysis.  For
                                                          instance, for
                                                          me,<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>3  
                                                          Unexpectedly
                                                          we did not
                                                          close the
                                                          window.</p>
                                                          has another
                                                          reading, which
                                                          we are not
                                                          capturing in
                                                          MRS.  Claudia
                                                          Maiernborn
                                                          would
                                                          (perhaps)
                                                          treat this as
                                                          a sentential
                                                          situation
                                                          rather than an
                                                          event
                                                          modification
                                                          and it may be
                                                          that analysis
                                                          is also
                                                          available for
                                                          1 instead of
                                                          the modal
                                                          modification
                                                          analysis.<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          I'm afraid I
                                                          don't have
                                                          time to
                                                          discuss this
                                                          properly at
                                                          the moment,
                                                          though.  I
                                                          feel such a
                                                          discussion has
                                                          taken place,
                                                          but don't
                                                          remember the
                                                          venue.<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          All best,<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          Ann
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823m_-1602240225619716942h5"><br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823m_-1602240225619716942m_6920975839983985265moz-cite-prefix">On
                                                          10/05/2017
                                                          01:13, Emily
                                                          M. Bender
                                                          wrote:<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          type="cite">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Dear
                                                          all,
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>I'm
                                                          curious about
                                                          the different
                                                          in analysis
                                                          between
                                                          neg_rel and
                                                          (other) scopal
                                                          adverbial </div>
                                                          <div>modifiers
                                                          on the one
                                                          hand and
                                                          modals on the
                                                          other in the
                                                          treatment of
                                                          the INDEX:</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>In (1)
                                                          and (2), the
                                                          INDEX of the
                                                          whole MRS
                                                          points to the
                                                          ARG0 of
                                                          _sleep_v_rel:</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>(1) Kim
                                                          doesn't sleep.</div>
                                                          <div>(2) Kim
                                                          probably
                                                          sleeps.</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>... where
                                                          in (3) and (4)
                                                          it points to
                                                          the ARG0 of
                                                          _can_v_rel and
                                                          _would_v_rel
                                                          respectively:</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>(3) Kim
                                                          can sleep.</div>
                                                          <div>(4) Kim
                                                          would sleep.</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>I'm
                                                          wondering what
                                                          difference we
                                                          intend to
                                                          model here.
                                                           (This
                                                          question comes
                                                          up now</div>
                                                          <div>because
                                                          we're looking
                                                          at negation in
                                                          my grammar
                                                          engineering
                                                          class, and the
                                                          out-of-the-box</div>
                                                          <div>analysis
                                                          for languages
                                                          which express
                                                          negation with
                                                          an auxiliary
                                                          has neg_rel
                                                          falling</div>
                                                          <div>in the
                                                          latter class.)</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>Thanks,</div>
                                                          <div>Emily</div>
                                                          <div><br
                                                          clear="all">
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          -- <br>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823m_-1602240225619716942m_6920975839983985265gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Emily
                                                          M. Bender<br>
                                                          Professor, <span
style="font-size:12.8px">Department of Linguistics</span></div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Check
                                                          out CLMS on
                                                          facebook! <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.facebook.com/uwclma"
                                                          target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/uwclma</a><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
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                                                          </div>
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                                                          <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <br
                                                          clear="all">
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          -- <br>
                                                          <div
class="m_-8837310576754914894m_-8265124334523577790m_-6591178192211473240m_-8944700136553354417m_-310726251724269823m_-1602240225619716942gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Emily
                                                          M. Bender<br>
                                                          Professor, <span
style="font-size:12.8px">Department of Linguistics</span></div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr">Check
                                                          out CLMS on
                                                          facebook! <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.facebook.com/uwclma"
                                                          target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/uwclma</a><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          <br>
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                                                          <br>
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                                              <br>
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                                          <br>
                                        </div>
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                                </div>
                                <br>
                              </div>
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                        </blockquote>
                      </div>
                      <br>
                      <br clear="all">
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      -- <br>
                      <div class="m_-8837310576754914894gmail_signature"
                        data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
                        <div dir="ltr">
                          <div>
                            <div dir="ltr">
                              <div>
                                <div dir="ltr">Emily M. Bender<br>
                                  Professor, <span
                                    style="font-size:12.8px">Department
                                    of Linguistics</span></div>
                                <div dir="ltr">Check out CLMS on
                                  facebook! <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                    href="http://www.facebook.com/uwclma"
                                    target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/uwclma</a><br>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </blockquote>
                  <br>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
        <br>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
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