<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks for sharing, Emily.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">If that was in Paris in 2010, did anything change by the StanfordDefaults discussion? In particular, I didn&#39;t see any clear mention in the StanfordDefaults wiki of the &quot;collateral file&quot; of default constraints that your notes describe. Is that still the preferred method? I would think that having these constraints separate from the relevant type descriptions would be confusing, but it sounds like there were convincing arguments for it.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">If we do have the separate file, I hope it would be a format supported by all processors and not separately in, e.g., ace/config.tdl and lkb/script.<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Tue, Sep 4, 2018 at 3:11 PM Emily M. Bender &lt;<a href="mailto:ebender@uw.edu">ebender@uw.edu</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Mike,<div><br></div><div>Thanks for bringing up this issue.  At the 2010 DELPH-IN Paris Summit, Ann and I had a further conversation about this, from which I took the homework of typing up what it is I&#39;d like to have (as a grammar developer, and especially from the point of view of the Matrix) wrt to defeasible constraints.  Here&#39;s what I wrote down later that year (Oct 27):</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Dear Ann,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Here, with much more delay than I intended, is the write up</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">I promised of my (reconstruction of my) understanding of where</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">we ended up in our discussion of<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>identity<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraints</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">over crepes in Paris.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">First, why I want it:</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">In lexical rules, we want to be able say (like in SWB) that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">the value of certain features (HOOK, CAT, ARG-ST) is shared</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">between the mother and the daughter unless the rule contradicts</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">this.  If the rule does contradict it, then we want only the information</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">specifically stated as such to change, and the rest &quot;around&quot; it,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">to be shared.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">For a concrete example, take a hypothetical lexical rule that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">changes the case on the first complement from acc to dat.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">First, here&#39;s the general lex rule type:</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">lex-rule := phrase-or-lexrule &amp; word-or-lexrule &amp;</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  [ NEEDS-AFFIX bool,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    SYNSEM.LOCAL.CONT [ RELS [ LIST #first,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                             LAST #last ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                        HCONS [ LIST #hfirst,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                LAST #hlast ] ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    DTR #dtr &amp; word-or-lexrule &amp;</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">        [ SYNSEM.LOCAL.CONT [ RELS [ LIST #first,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                     LAST #middle ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                              HCONS [ LIST #hfirst,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                      LAST #hmiddle ] ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">          ALTS #alts ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    C-CONT [ RELS [ LIST #middle,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                    LAST #last ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">             HCONS [ LIST #hmiddle,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                     LAST #hlast ]],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    ALTS #alts,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    ARGS &lt; #dtr &gt; ].</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">And a subtype with the<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>identity indicated</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">(using /# for now):</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">-identity-lex-rule := lex-rule &amp;</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  [<span> </span></span><a href="http://synsem.local.cat/" rel="noreferrer" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" target="_blank">SYNSEM.LOCAL.CAT</a><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>/#cat,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    ARG-ST /#arg-st,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    C-CONT.HOOK /#hook,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">    DTR [ LOCAL [ CAT /#cat,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                           CONT.HOOK /#hook ],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">             ARG-ST /#arg-st ]].</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">The lex rule definition itself would just look like this:</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">acc-to-dat-obj-lex-rule := lex-rule &amp;</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"> [ SYNSEM.LOCAL.CAT.COMPS.FIRST.</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">LOCAL.CAT.HEAD.CASE dat,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">   DTR.SYNSEM.LOCAL.CAT.COMPS.</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">FIRST.LOCAL.CAT.HEAD.CASE acc ].</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">The intended behavior is for that to compile into a rule that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">includes<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraints</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>like these (I&#39;m sure I&#39;m missing some here):</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">acc-to-dat-obj-lex-rule (expanded):</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"> [<span> </span></span><a href="http://synsem.local.cat/" rel="noreferrer" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" target="_blank">SYNSEM.LOCAL.CAT</a><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>[ HEAD #head,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                      VAL [ SPR #spr,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                               SPEC #spec,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                               SUBJ #subj,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                               COMPS [ REST #rest,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                                             FIRST [</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">NON-LOCAL #non-local,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  LOCAL [ CONT #cont,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                CAT [ VAL #val,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                          AGR #agr,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                          HEAD.CASE dat ]]]]]],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  C-CONT.HOOK #hook,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  ARG-ST #arg-st,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">  DTR [ SYNSEM.LOCAL [ CONT.HOOK #hook,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                       CAT [ HEAD #head,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                                 VAL [ SPR #spr,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                                          SPEC #spec,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                                          SUBJ #subj,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                                          COMPS [ REST #rest,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"> FIRST [ NON-LOCAL #non-local,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">            LOCAL [ CONT #cont,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                          CAT [ VAL #val,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                   AGR #agr,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">                                   HEAD.CASE acc ]]]]]]],</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">           ARG-ST #arg-st ]].</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">What I remember from Paris is that we decided it would be best to</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">encode these<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraints</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>not directly in the type definition as</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">I did above in<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">-identity-lex-rule but in a collateral file that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">instructs the LKB to do something special with certain feature paths</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">on instances of certain types at compile time.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">We also worked out that we would only be able to &quot;push down&quot; the identity</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraint</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>to features that were necessitated by the types invoked</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">in the rule.  Thus in the example above, we know that SPR, SPEC and SUBJ</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">need to be identified because the value of VAL is necessarily &quot;valence&quot;</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">(and not valence-min) as we&#39;ve mentioned COMPS. But if CASE were appropriate</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">for both noun and comp (for example), then we wouldn&#39;t be able to know to</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">put in identity<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraints</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>for any other features of noun (or comp).  If</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">the daughter in fact had a<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraint</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>on one of these other features,</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">it wouldn&#39;t </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">be copied up to the mother.  Relatedly, we lose the actual HEAD </span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">value because </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">we can&#39;t identify HEAD while changing CASE.  (So here, the grammar </span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">writer </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">would need to stipulate [HEAD noun], say, on the mother.)</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">In Paris, I remember being convinced that the added simplicity in defining</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">lexical rules would out-weigh the lack of transparency noted above.  And</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">I&#39;m still pretty sure I agree with that.  One thing in favor of that </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">view is that </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">if a rule </span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">defined using the<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>identity type didn&#39;t have the expected </span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">behavior, the </span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">grammar engineer could always either add<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraints</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>or side-step</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">that type and hand-specify all the desired identities.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">A further complication I noticed while writing out this example is the</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">interaction between<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>and indefeasible identity tags.  Two conditions</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">to consider:</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">1) The rule inherits a<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraint</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>(e.g., from the type of the DTR value) that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">the REST of the ARG-ST is the same as the COMPS list.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">2) The rule doesn&#39;t inherit such a<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraint</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">, but the constituent that</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">serves as the daughter identifies its ARG-ST.REST and its COMPS.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">I think (2) isn&#39;t a problem (this is very similar to things that confused</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Tom, Ivan and I as we designed the lex rules in the textbook, though, so I&#39;m</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">not feeling very confident just now!).  As for (1), it could entail a similar</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">push down of identity inside the ARG-ST.  But what if the ARG-ST to</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">DTR.ARG-ST identification were a non-</span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">defeasible</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>identity<span> </span></span><span class="m_7857772880732600062gmail-il" style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">constraint</span><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">?</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Maybe that&#39;s just a broken grammar that either shouldn&#39;t compile or would</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">just have surprising behavior.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">I hope you are still interested in this problem. Let me know if/when it would</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">be useful to have a grammar to play with.</span><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="font-size:12.8px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Thanks!</span><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Sep 4, 2018 at 10:42 AM, <a href="mailto:goodman.m.w@gmail.com" target="_blank">goodman.m.w@gmail.com</a> <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a href="mailto:goodman.m.w@gmail.com" target="_blank">goodman.m.w@gmail.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Hello everyone,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I appreciate the feedback I&#39;ve received in previous messages in my attempts to dust off neglected corners of TDL syntax, and I&#39;d now like to bring up &quot;defaults&quot;, or &quot;defeasible constraints&quot; (I believe these refer to the same thing). Are
 we prepared to start supporting defaults/defeasible-constraints in our 
processors and using them in our grammars? Or should we discard them as 
an undesired experimental feature (i.e., declare them to *not* be part of DELPH-IN TDL)?<br><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Further information:<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div>Currently, only the LKB supports them (and maybe PET?). As I understand, they are a compile-time feature, meaning that they change how the grammar is compiled and that there is no longer a notion of &quot;defaults&quot; during run-time. I don&#39;t think the use of defaults causes any change in the competence or performance of a grammar.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The benefit of defaults is for the grammar engineer as it can reduce the amount of boilerplate code and make the grammar source code more intuitive. I think any result that makes grammar writing easier is a big win. The differences it creates between the source-code form of the grammar and the compiled hierarchy, however, can complicate debugging (e.g., interactive unification).<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Some links:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">  - <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-1002" target="_blank">http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J99-1002</a></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">  - <a href="http://moin.delph-in.net/ParisDefeasibleConstraints" target="_blank">http://moin.delph-in.net/ParisDefeasibleConstraints</a></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">  - <a href="http://moin.delph-in.net/StanfordDefaults" target="_blank">http://moin.delph-in.net/StanfordDefaults</a><span class="m_7857772880732600062HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br clear="all"></font></span></div><span class="m_7857772880732600062HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="m_7857772880732600062m_-2873427553648370275gmail_signature">-Michael Wayne Goodman</div></font></span></div></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="m_7857772880732600062gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr">Emily M. Bender<br>Professor, <span style="font-size:12.8px">Department of Linguistics</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">University of Washington</span></div><div>Twitter: @emilymbender</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">-Michael Wayne Goodman</div>